Let $G$ be a group and let $G'$ denotes its commutator subgroup, that is the group generated by all elements of the form $g^{-1}h^{-1}gh$. Is the following true:
If $G/G'$ is cyclic, then G is abelian.
Recall that the claim is true for the $G$ modulo the center of $G$. See If $G/Z(G)$ is cyclic, then $G$ is abelian
The fact is that in general the question is false, but if one add the hypothesis, that the group $G$ is nilpotent (e.g. a $p$-group for some prime $p$), then the result become true:
Indeed, we have the chain $\gamma_{3}(G)\subset \gamma_{2}(G)\subset G$, where $\gamma_{2}(G)= G'$ and $\gamma_{3}(G)=[\gamma_{2}(G), G]$ (the commutator). Now from the last relation we have $\frac{\gamma_{2}(G)}{\gamma_{3}(G)}=Z( \frac{G}{\gamma_{3}(G)} ) $ (the center); so the quotient $\frac{\frac{G}{\gamma_{3}(G)}}{Z( \frac{G}{\gamma_{3}(G)} ) }=\frac{G}{\gamma_{2}(G)}$ and this is cyclic, and as someone have remarked above, this implies that $\frac{G}{\gamma_{3}(G)}$ is abelian and then $G'=\gamma_{2}(G)\subset \gamma_{3}(G)$ and finally $\gamma_{2}(G)= \gamma_{3}(G)$. Since $\gamma_{3}(G)=[\gamma_{2}(G),G]=[\gamma_{3}(G),G]=\gamma_{4}(G)$ and so on... But in last we know that $G$ is nilpotent and so there is a $c \in \mathbb{N}^{+}$ such that $\gamma_{c}(G)=1$ and so $G'=1$ that means $G$ is abelian.
For the general case one can see to the alternating group $A_{4}$: indeed one can prove that $|A_{4}|=12$, $|A'_{4}|=4$ so that the quotient $\frac{A_{4}}{A'_{4}}$ has 3 element and it is cyclic; but $A_{4}$ is not abelian.
