Simplify $$\frac{\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^{2499}\sqrt{10+{\sqrt{50+\sqrt{k}}}}}{\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^{2499}\sqrt{10-{\sqrt{50+\sqrt{k}}}}}$$
I don't have any good idea. I need your help.
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3How do you sum the denominator for $k>50$? It's a complex number; is this intentional, or are these supposed to be real numbers? – Clayton Aug 05 '13 at 15:18
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1I don't believe that this problem has been quoted correctly. – Eric Naslund Aug 05 '13 at 15:19
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Oh! Sorry.I made a mistake. I edited. – mathlove Aug 05 '13 at 17:13
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2The ratio seems to be equal to $\tan\left(\frac{7}{16}\pi\right)$. In fact, it seems to hold if you replace $10$ by $2n$, $50$ by $2n^2$ and $2499$ by $4n^4-1$, although I can't see any "obvious" reason why it should be so right now. – Peter Košinár Aug 05 '13 at 22:09
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Thank you for reply. I'm interested in the value. Though I'm trying to find the ratio, I'm facing difficulty. – mathlove Aug 07 '13 at 06:31
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Wolfram shows me that the ratio must be $\cot\left(\frac{\pi}{16}\right)=1+\sqrt2+\sqrt{4+2\sqrt2}$. – mathlove Aug 08 '13 at 14:48
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I suspect that this question might be solved by a way of geometry. – mathlove Aug 09 '13 at 14:42
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I've just solved this question. The ratio equals $\cot \left(\frac{\pi}{16}\right)$. Please see:http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/464346/why-is-the-function-fa-constant-for-any-natural-number-a – mathlove Aug 10 '13 at 15:07
1 Answers
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Here is my answer. I've just got the following result:$$\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{2499}\sqrt{10+{\sqrt{50+\sqrt k}}}}{\sum_{k=1}^{2499}\sqrt{10-{\sqrt{50+\sqrt k}}}}=1+\sqrt2+\sqrt{4+2\sqrt2}=\cot\frac{\pi}{16}.$$
Proof: Suppose that $\sum$ represents $\sum_{k=1}^{2499}$. Let the numerator and the denominator be $A$ and $B$ respectively. Letting $a_k=\sqrt{10+\sqrt{50+\sqrt k}}, b_k=\sqrt{10-\sqrt{50+\sqrt k}}$, we can represent $A, B$ as $A=\sum a_k, B=\sum b_k.$ Letting $p_k=\sqrt{50+\sqrt k}$ and $q_k=\sqrt{50-\sqrt k}$, since ${p_k}^2+{q_k}^2=10^2$ and $p_k\gt0, q_k\gt0$, there exists a real number $0\lt x_k\lt \frac{\pi}{2}$ such that $p_k=10\cos x_k, q_k=10\sin x_k$. Then, we get $$a_k=\sqrt{10+10\cos x_k}=\sqrt{10+10\left(2{\cos^2{\frac{x_k}{2}}}-1\right)}=\sqrt{20}\cos \frac{x_k}{2},$$$$b_k=\sqrt{10-10\cos x_k}=\sqrt{10-10\left(1-2{\sin^2{\frac{x_k}{2}}}\right)}=\sqrt{20}\sin \frac{x_k}{2}.$$ Then, since $\sum a_k=\sum a_{2500-k}$, let's consider $a_{2500-k}$. $$\begin{align}a_{2500-k}&=\sqrt{10+\sqrt{50+\sqrt{(50+\sqrt k)(50-\sqrt k)}}}\\&=\sqrt{10+\sqrt{50+{p_kq_k}}}\\&=\sqrt{10+\sqrt{50+100\cos {x_k}\sin {x_k}}}\\&=\sqrt{10+\sqrt{50(\cos {x_k}+\sin {x_k})^2}}\\&=\sqrt{10+\sqrt{50}\cdot\sqrt2\sin \left(x_k+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}\\&=\sqrt{10+10\cdot2\cos \left(\frac{x_k}{2}+\frac{\pi}{8}\right)\sin \left(\frac{x_k}{2}+\frac{\pi}{8}\right)}\\&=\sqrt{10\left(\cos \left(\frac{x_k}{2}+\frac{\pi}{8}\right)+\sin \left(\frac{x_k}{2}+\frac{\pi}{8}\right)\right)^2}\\&=\sqrt{10}\left(\cos \left(\frac{x_k}{2}+\frac{\pi}{8}\right)+\sin \left(\frac{x_k}{2}+\frac{\pi}{8}\right)\right)\\&=\frac{\left(\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)+\sin \left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)\right)a_k+\left(\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)-\sin \left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)\right)b_k}{\sqrt2}\\&=\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt2+1}{2\sqrt2}}a_k+\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt2-1}{2\sqrt2}}b_k.\end{align}$$ Hence, $$A=\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt2+1}{2\sqrt2}}A+\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt2-1}{2\sqrt2}}B.$$ So, the proof is completed with $$\frac AB=1+\sqrt2+\sqrt{4+2\sqrt2}. $$
After a while, I got the following theorem in the same way as above.
Theorem: For any natural number $n$, $$\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{n^2+2n}\sqrt{\sqrt{2n+2}+{\sqrt{n+1+\sqrt k}}}}{\sum_{k=1}^{n^2+2n}\sqrt{\sqrt{2n+2}-{\sqrt{n+1+\sqrt k}}}}=1+\sqrt2+\sqrt{4+2\sqrt2}=\cot {\frac{\pi}{16}}.$$
Note that the case $n=49$ in this theorem is the question at the top.
P.S. I think it's worth adding a link where user mercio provided a background why the theorem holds for any $n$. (it's a background, not a proof. The theorem has already been proved.)
