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The problem is as is in the title:

Is it possible to improve on the bound $$D(q^k) < \varphi(q^k)$$ if $k > 1$?

Here, $q$ is a prime number and $k$ is a positive integer. The (deficiency) function $D(x)$ is defined as follows: $$D(x) = 2x - \sigma(x)$$ where $\sigma(x)$ is the classical sum of divisors of $x$.

Of course, $\varphi(x)$ is just the Euler totient function of $x$. Finally, let $I(x)=\sigma(x)/x$ be the abundancy index of $x$.

MY PROOF FOR THE BOUND

Since in general we just have $k \geq 1$, we have $$\frac{q+1}{q} = I(q) \leq I(q^k)$$ from which we get $$\frac{D(q^k)}{q^k} = 2 - I(q^k) \leq 2 - \frac{q+1}{q} = \frac{q-1}{q} = \frac{\varphi(q^k)}{q^k},$$ whereby we finally obtain $$D(q^k) \leq \varphi(q^k).$$

So if $k > 1$, then I just get $$I(q) < I(q^k),$$ right? Proceeding similarly as before, I obtain $$D(q^k) < \varphi(q^k).$$

Here is my specific question:

Will it be possible to come up with a tighter upper bound than $\varphi(q^k)$ for $D(q^k)$ when $k > 1$?

Edited (in response to a comment on November 5, 2020)

The reason I need a bound for $D(q^k)$ when $k>1$ is because of this closely related question.

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    Since $q^k$ is a prime power, there are explicit expressions for $\sigma (q^k)$ (and also $\phi(q^k)$), and so one exists for $D(q^k)$ as well: $$D(q^k) = 2q^k - \frac {q^{k+1}-1}{q-1} = \frac {q^{k+1}-2q^k+1}{q-1} = q^k - q^{k-1} - q^{k-2}-\dots-1$$ Why do you need a bound? – player3236 Nov 05 '20 at 09:27
  • Thank you for your comment, @player3236. The reason I need a bound is because of this closely related question. – Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris Nov 05 '20 at 10:16
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    Still, for $k=2$, $D(q^2) = q^2 - q - 1$ while $\varphi(q^2) = q^2-q$, showing that it is the tightest upper bound (for $k=2$). Otherwise, as shown in the previous comment, you can still have wiggle room of $q^{k-2} + q^{k-3} + \dots + q$. – player3236 Nov 05 '20 at 11:11
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    If $k\equiv q\equiv 1\pmod 4$, then we have $D(q^k)\le \varphi(q^k)-\frac{5^{k-1}-1}{4}$ and $D(q^k)\le \varphi(q^k)-\frac{q^4-1}{q-1}$. So we have $3-\frac{1}{q^{k+1}}\bigg(\varphi(q^k)-\frac{5^{k-1}-1}{4}\bigg)\lt I(q^k)+I(n^2)$ and $3-\frac{1}{q^{k+1}}\bigg(\varphi(q^k)-\frac{q^4-1}{q-1}\bigg)\lt I(q^k)+I(n^2)$. But I think that these are not better lower bounds for $I(q^k)+I(n^2)$ than $3-\frac{q-2}{q(q-1)}$. – mathlove Nov 07 '20 at 11:41
  • Thank you for your last comment, @mathlove! Can you add that into your response below, so that I may be able to accept your answer? I have already added the necessary context to the OP, in response to player3236's comment. – Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris Dec 01 '20 at 04:39

1 Answers1

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Let $$f(k,q):=\varphi(q^k)-D(q^k)=q^{k-1}(q-1)-\bigg(2q^k-\frac{q^{k+1}-1}{q-1}\bigg)=\frac{q^{k-1}-1}{q-1}$$

Then we have

$$\frac{\partial f(k,q)}{\partial q}=\frac{((q-1)(k-2)-1)q^k+q^2}{(q - 1)^2 q^2}$$ which is non-negative.

So, we have $$f(k,q)\ge f(k,2),$$

i.e. $$\color{red}{D(q^k)\le \varphi(q^k)-(2^{k-1}-1)}$$


Added :

If $k\equiv q\equiv 1\pmod 4$, then we have $$D(q^k)\le \varphi(q^k)-\frac{5^{k-1}-1}{4}$$ and $$D(q^k)\le\varphi(q^k)-\frac{q^4-1}{q-1}$$ So we have $$3−\frac{1}{q^{k+1}}\bigg(\varphi(q^k)-\frac{5^{k-1}-1}{4}\bigg)\lt I(q^k)+I(n^2)$$ and $$3−\frac{1}{q^{k+1}}\bigg(\varphi(q^k)-\frac{q^4-1}{q-1}\bigg)\lt I(q^k)+I(n^2)$$ But I think that these are not better lower bounds for $I(q^k)+I(n^2)$ than $3−\dfrac{q−2}{q(q−1)}$.

mathlove
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