Let $I \subseteq k[x_1,\dots,x_n]$ be an ideal for a field $k$ and let $A = k[x_1,\dots,x_n]/I$. For $d \geq 0$ let $$ A_{\le d} := \{f + I : f \in k[x_1,\dots,x_n], \deg{f} \leq d \}.$$ The Hilbert function of $I$ is $$ h_I: \mathbb{N}_0 \to \mathbb{N}_0, \ h_I(d) = \dim_k(A_{\leq d}). $$
This object seems quite random (at least to me) at first but after some "magic" happens, it somehow turns out to have great properties. For instance, it's a polynomial $p_I$ for all sufficiently large $d$ and we get $\deg(p_I) = \dim(A)$.
This begs the question: Why? Why should we have expected $h_I$ to be nice? How did people (probably Hilbert?) conjecture these things?