If $x$ is algebraic over $E$, then $x$ is also algebraic over $F$ since $E$ is an algebraic extension over $F$. Therefore $E(x)$ is algebraic over $F$. This shows that $E(x)$ is algebraic over $F(x)$ as well.
If $x$ is transcendent over $E$, then you should read up on transcendence degree. Write $\text{tr-deg}_K(L)$ for the transcendence degree of a field extension $L$ over a field $K$. Then, for a tower of fields $M\geq L\geq K$, we have
$$\text{tr-deg}_K(M)=\text{tr-deg}_L(M)+\text{tr-deg}_K(L)$$
(see here). Thus,
$$\text{tr-deg}_F\big(E(x)\big)=\text{tr-deg}_E\big(E(x)\big)+\text{tr-deg}_F(E)=1+0=1\,,$$
as $E$ is algebraic over $F$. On the other hand,
$$\text{tr-deg}_F\big(E(x)\big)=\text{tr-deg}_{F(x)}\big(E(x)\big)+\text{tr-deg}_F\big(F(x)\big)=\text{tr-deg}_{F(x)}\big(E(x)\big)+1\,,$$
as $x$ is transcendent over $F$ as well. This shows that
$$\text{tr-deg}_{F(x)}\big(E(x)\big)=0\,,$$
whence $E(x)$ is an algebraic extension of $F(x)$.