I know that $\mathbb Z[\sqrt{-5}] \cong \mathbb Z[x]/(x^2 + 5)$, but how do I deal with quotients? For example, I've seen that
$$\mathbb Z[\sqrt{-5}]/(2, 1 + \sqrt{-5}) \cong \mathbb Z[x]/(x^2 + 5, 2, 1 + x)$$
but no matter how many other questions I look at, I can't find an answer that explains this rigorously, and in detail.
Another example is $\mathbb Z[x]/(2, 1 + x) \cong \mathbb Z/2\mathbb Z$. Again, I know that $\mathbb Z[x]/(2) \cong \mathbb Z_2[x]$ and $\mathbb Z[x] / (1 + x) \cong \mathbb Z$, and I also know by 3rd Isom. Thm that $\mathbb Z[x]/(2, 1 + x) \cong (\mathbb Z[x]/(2))/((2, 1+x)/(2))$, but I what is a rigorous explanation for why the result follows?