My initial question was: why partial fractions do require proper fractions as input?
My uni professor guided me through saying that I should think about is what happens at the limits when x goes to infinity. All our partial fraction terms have higher powers of x in the denominator and so go to zero. If the input has a higher power of x in the numerator than the denominator then this will go to infinity as x goes to infinity.
I think, I have almost built the intuition. However, I am still not sure: if x goes to infinity, does it imply that we won't be able to find A,B,C (etc.) to do the partial fractions properly?