Is there a way to find out if $\sqrt 2$ exists in $F_p$ depending on p?
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3Iff $p\equiv \pm1$, or $2$ modulo $8$. See any textbook on number theory. – Angina Seng Apr 06 '19 at 15:38
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Magic words: “quadratic character of $2$”. – Arturo Magidin Apr 06 '19 at 15:44