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Suppose $P_n(z)=1+z/1!+z^2/2!+\cdots+z^n/n!$ and $Q_n(z)=P_n(z)-1$ where $n=1,2,3,\cdots$. What can you say about the location of the zeros of $P_n$ and $Q_n$ for large $n$?

It is an exercise in Rudin's Real and Complex Analysis (Chapter 10).

I want to estimate $P'/P$ and use principle argument. For example, for large $n$ enough, there exist circles $C(0,r)=\{z\in\mathbb{C}: |z|=r\}$ and $C(0,R)$ s.t., $$\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C(0,r)}\frac{P'(z)}{P(z)}\,dz<1.$$ and $$\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C(0,R)}\frac{P'(z)}{P(z)}\,dz>n.$$ But it seems difficult for the polynomials $P$ and $Q$. Could anybody give me a hint?

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It is clear by definition, that both $P_n(z)$ and $Q_n(z)$ have $n$ zeros in the complex plane and that $P_n$ and $Q_n$ cannot have the same zeros.

In addition, $P_n(z) \to e^z$ as $n\to\infty$ (uniformly) on $\overline{D(0,r_k)}$, where $r_k>0$ is some radius. This means that for any $r_k>0$, $P_n(z)$ contains no zeros in $\overline{D(0,r_k)}$ (for $n$ large enough), hence they must be outside the closed disc.

Now consider all the zeros of $Q_n$ that are not 0. $Q_n(z) = 0 \iff e^z-1=0$. Also, $e^z - 1 = 0 \iff z=2\pi i k$, where $k\in\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}$. Going forward, let $k = |k|$. Hence for $2\pi k < r_k < 2\pi (k+1)$ there exists $\epsilon_k>0$ such that \begin{equation*} \begin{aligned} |e^z-1| > \epsilon_k \end{aligned} \end{equation*} From uniform convergence, for all $\epsilon_k>0$ there exists $N_k\in\mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n\ge N_k$ \begin{equation*} \begin{aligned} |e^z - 1 - Q_n(z)| = |e^z - P_n(z)| < \epsilon_k \end{aligned} \end{equation*}

Let $\gamma$ be the positively oriented circle with centre $0$ and radius $r_k$ (its range in the plane is $\gamma^*$), then for all $n\ge N_k$ \begin{equation*} \begin{aligned} |e^z - 1 - Q_n(z)| < |e^z - 1| \quad (\forall z \in\gamma^*) \end{aligned} \end{equation*}

Then by Rouche's Theorem, for all $n\ge N_k$, $e^z-1$ has the same number of zeros as ${Q_n(z)}$ in $D(0,r_k)$, which is just $2k+1$ (positive and negative integers as well as $z=0$). Hence $Q_n(z)$ has $n - (2k+1) = n- 2k - 1$ zeros in $\mathbb{C}\setminus D(0,r_k)$.

Since $2\pi k < r_k < 2\pi (k+1)$ then $2\pi (k+1) < r_k + 2\pi = r_{k+1} < 2\pi (k+2)$. We repeat this same process. Hence $Q_n(z)$ has $2(k+1)+ 1 = 2k+3$ zeros in $D(0;r_{k} + 2\pi)$ and $n-(2k+3) = n-2k-3$ in $\mathbb{C}\setminus D(0;r_{k} + 2\pi)$, this is for all $n\ge N_{k+1}$.

Hence there exists $M_k \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n\ge M_k$, we have that $Q_n(z)$ has $2$ zeros in the annulus $A = \{ z\in\mathbb{C} : r_k < |z| < r_k +2\pi\}$, $2k+1$ zeros in $D(0;r_k)$ and $n-2k-3$ zeros in $\mathbb{C}\setminus D(0;r_k+2\pi)$. It is also clear that $Q_n(z)$ always has a zero at $z = 0$.

It has been shown in a paper by K. S. K. Iyengar that the zeros of $P_n(z)$ lie in the annulus $A = \{ z\in\mathbb{C}: \frac{n}{e^2} < |z| < n \}$ for large $n$.

It has also been shown in a paper by Buckholtz that none of the zeros of $P_n(nz)$ (rescaled) lie in $C = \{z\in\mathbb{C}: |ze^{-1/z}| \le 1 \text{ and } |z| \le 1\}$ for large $n$.