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Background

Say a topological space $X$ is

  • a unique convergence (UC) space iff every sequence of points of $X$ converges to at most one point of $X$;
  • a unique convergent clustering (UCC) space iff every convergent sequence of points of $X$ has a unique cluster point;
  • a KC space iff compact subsets of $X$ are closed.

I've been able to show that Hausdorff $\implies$ KC $\implies$ UCC $\implies$ UC $\implies$ $T_1,$ and that a first-countable UC space is UCC.

Given a space $X$, we define the Alexandrov extension of a space $X$--which I denote $X_\alpha$--by adjoining a point $\infty$ to $X$, and making the neighborhoods of $\infty$ those subsets of $X\cup\{\infty\}$ whose complements are closed compact subsets of $X$. It can be shown that $X_\alpha$ is always compact, $X$ an open subspace of $X_\alpha,$ and that $X$ is dense in $X_\alpha$ if and only if $X$ is non-compact.

It is trivial to show that $X$ is $T_1$ iff $X_\alpha$ is $T_1,$ since finite sets are immediately compact. I'm also aware that $X_\alpha$ is Hausdorff iff $X$ is Hausdorff and locally compact.

Edit: I also "proved" before posting the question that $X$ is KC iff $X_\alpha$ is KC, but this turns out not to be true. When $X$ is the Arens-Fort space, then $X$ is Hausdorff (so KC), but $X_\alpha$ is not even KC, as pointed out in the comments. To see why, note that every neighborhood of the "point at infinity" in $X_\alpha$ is cofinite, so every subset of $X_\alpha$ containing this point is compact. However, the set consisting of "even columns" of $X$ is not open in $X_\alpha$ and doesn't contain the "point at infinity," so its complement is a compact, non-closed subset of $X_\alpha.$ Thanks again to MW for bringing that lovely counterexample to my attention!

Edit: Another "proof" was that $X$ was UCC if and only if $X_\alpha$ was UCC, but again, the Arens-Fort space provides a counterexample (so is an even stronger counterexample to preservation of the KC property by Alexandrov extension), as pointed out in the comments once again by MW.


It is readily the case that if $X_\alpha$ is a UC space, then so is $X$. However, I've been unable to prove or disprove that if $X$ is UC, then so is $X_\alpha$. I suspect that it isn't true in general, but I haven't found any counterexamples.

If it is true, how might one go about proving it?

If it is not true, can you provide a counterexample?

Cameron Buie
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    If it is frequently at $\infty$ then it cannot converge to a point in $X$. So we can restrict attention to the sequences in $X$ converging to $\alpha\in X$ and to $\infty$. – Stefan Hamcke Oct 04 '13 at 23:24
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    The usual term for what you’re calling a $UC$ space is $US$ space. – Brian M. Scott Oct 04 '13 at 23:29
  • Is there any chance that the closure of the underlying set of a convergent sequence in a UC (or US, pace Brian) space must be quasicompact? – Daniel Fischer Oct 04 '13 at 23:49
  • @Daniel: That's a good question. I was able to prove it for UCC spaces, but not for UC spaces. – Cameron Buie Oct 04 '13 at 23:53
  • For UCC spaces, if $x_n \to x$, then $\overline{{x_n : n \in \mathbb{N}}} = {x_n : n \in \mathbb{N}} \cup {x}$, unless I'm mistaken. So in a UC but not UCC space, we have convergent sequences where the right hand side set is not closed. And a UC but not UCC space can't be first-countable. – Daniel Fischer Oct 04 '13 at 23:56
  • @Daniel: You are not mistaken. I forgot to mention that first-countable UC spaces are UCC. Thank you for bringing that up. – Cameron Buie Oct 05 '13 at 00:06
  • "I've been able to show that $X$ is P iff $X_\alpha$ is P, when P is KC, UCC, or T1." I realize this is over a decade old but in case anyone refers to this question it might be worth noting that this is not true for KC. The Arens-Fort space (https://topology.pi-base.org/spaces/S000023 ), for example, is KC (even $T_2$), but its one point compactification (https://topology.pi-base.org/spaces/S000165 ) is not KC. – M W Jan 04 '24 at 10:26
  • @MW: Thank you for bringing that counterexample to my attention! Sadly, I can no longer find the work I did to prove those claims, so I can't identify my mistake(s). I will adjust the post in a moment! – Cameron Buie Jan 07 '24 at 17:49
  • @CameronBuie Actually thinking about it more, I guess the Arens Fort space is also an example of a UCC space whose $1$-point compactification is not UCC. The Arens fort space is UCC since it is Hausdorff, but if $(x_n)$ is any enumeration of the compactification, then $x_n$ converges to the point at infinity (since it eventually leaves every compact subset of the Fort space), but also clusters at $(0,0)$, since every neighborhood of $(0,0)$ is infinite. [deleted original version of this comment which was slightly inaccurate.] – M W Jan 09 '24 at 04:07
  • @MW, I can't believe I didn't even consider that! After all, I made at least one mistake in one proof, why not another? Lol! – Cameron Buie Jan 09 '24 at 13:39

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Here’s a counterexample.

Let $P=\beta\omega\setminus\omega$ be the set of free ultrafilters on $\omega$. Let $X=(\omega+1)\cup P$ be topologized by making $\omega+1$ an open subset of $X$ with its usual order topology and declaring $U\subseteq X$ a nbhd of $p\in P$ iff $p\in U$ and $U\cap\omega\in p$. The only non-trivial sequences in $X$ are those that converge to $\omega$, so $X$ is $US$, but $\langle n:n\in\omega\rangle$ clusters at each point of $P$ (and of course converges to $\omega$), so $X$ is not $UCC$. Note that $\omega$ is dense in $X$, which is not compact, so it’s not the case that the range of a convergent sequence in a $US$ space must have compact closure.

$P$ is an infinite closed, discrete subset of $K$, and $P\cap\operatorname{cl}A$ is infinite for each infinite $A\subseteq\omega$. (In fact $|P\cap\operatorname{cl}A|=|\beta\omega\setminus\omega|=2^{\mathfrak{c}}$ for each infinite $A\subseteq\omega$.) Thus, the only compact, closed subsets of $X$ are the finite sets, and if $q$ is the point at infinity in $X^*$, the sequence $\langle n:n\in\omega\rangle$ converges to both $\omega$ and $q$.

Brian M. Scott
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  • (+1) Interesting. I haven't done much with Stone-Cech compactifications. Correct me if I'm wrong, but we need some small amount of Choice to know that there is a free ultrafilter over $\omega$ at all, yes? – Cameron Buie Oct 05 '13 at 05:39
  • @Cameron: I’m not sure of the exact consistency strength of there is a non-principal ultrafilter on $\omega$; some digging around indicates that it’s independent of DC and does not imply that $\Bbb R$ is well-orderable. The (at least formally) stronger statement that every filter of sets can be extended to an ultrafilter is quite strong, being equivalent to the Boolean prime ideal theorem and the Tikhonov product theorem for compact Hausdorff spaces. (The full Tikhonov theorem is of course equivalent to AC.) – Brian M. Scott Oct 05 '13 at 05:57